A Critical Analysis of the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 and Its Implementation in Tamil Nadu

Written by: V.Adhithiya, B.A.LL. B (3^rd Year), Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University

&

D.S.K.Tharun Balaji, B.A.LL. B (3^rd Year), Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan University

Abstract

Bonded labour remains one of the most pervasive forms of modern slavery, rooted in poverty, social exclusion, and unequal power relations. This paper examines the structural, economic, and cultural factors that sustain bonded labour across various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, domestic work, and informal industries. Drawing from existing literature, case studies, and human rights reports, the study explores how debt dependence, caste- and class-based hierarchies, and lack of legal enforcement perpetuate cycles of exploitation. The analysis highlights the gaps in policy implementation, the challenges faced by rescue and rehabilitation mechanisms, and the socio-economic vulnerabilities that force individuals into debt bondage. The paper concludes with recommendations for comprehensive interventions, including stronger legal frameworks, community-based awareness programs, economic empowerment strategies, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Addressing bonded labour requires not only legal reform but also long-term social and economic transformation.

Keywords: Bonded Labour, Modern Slavery, Forced Labour, Debt Bondage, Rehabilitation, Human Rights, Labour Law, Tamil Nadu, Socioeconomic Inequality, Caste System, Vulnerable Communities, Enforcement Challenges, Labour Exploitation, Poverty, Informal Sector, Labour Rights, Abolition Act 1976, Social Justice, Rehabilitation Policy, Legal Implementation

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Volume 2 | Issue 2